Сочинение: History of democracy of the USA

Сочинение: History of democracy of the USA

THE HISTORY OF DEMOCRACY OF THE USA

WHAT DO AMERICANS MEAN WHEN THEY USE THE WORD “DEMOCRACY”?

Abraham Lincoln, one of the best-loved and most respected of America's

presidents, said that the US had a government “of the people, by the people

and for the people”. He called the United Slates "a nation conceived in

liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal." No

one has formulated a better way of describing the principles of the American

political system, as Americans understand it. The Constitution, laws and

traditions of the United States give the people the right to determine who

will be the leader of their nation, who will make the laws and what the laws

will be. The people have the power to change the system. The Constitution

guarantees individual freedom to all.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DEMOCRACY

- Democracy as a form of government disappeared from ancient Greece and, over

the centuries, the translation of the principles and ideals of democracy into

practice has been very rare throughout the world. Most people have been ruled

by kings, queens, emperors or small elite groups and, except for certain

members of the nobility, the people have had no voice in their government.

That was the situation in Europe in 1492.

- By the 1700s, England had established 13 colonies in the eastern part of

what is now the United States.

- Some of the early British colonists had come to the New World in hopes of

enriching themselves; others came because. Britain forced them to leave –

they were troublemakers or people who could not pay their debts. Some came

because of the opportunity, which did not exist for them in Europe, to own

land or practice a trade.

- In the course of its long history as a nation, Great Britain had taken

several steps toward democracy. England (including Wales) had a parliament

winch made laws, and most people enjoyed a degree of individual freedom.

- William Penn, a member of the Religious Society of Friends, founded the

colony of Pennsylvania, where he set up laws protecting freedom of religion

and speech. Those laws also enabled the Pennsylvania colonists to have a

voice in their local government.

- Life in the colonies also helped strengthen democratic ideas. They had to

work together to build shelter, provide food, clear the land for farms and in

general to make their new home land livable for them. This need for

cooperation and sharing, combined with a belief in individualism,

strengthened the idea that in the New World people were equal; that no one

should have special rights and privileges.

- Each colony had its own government

WAR AND INDEPENDENCE

- The British government required people to pay taxes, but gave them no voice

in pausing the tax laws. The British motherland determined what the colonists

could produce and with whom they could trade.

- In 1774, a group of leaders from the colonies met and formed the

“Continental Congress”, which informed the king of the colonists’ belief

that, as free Englishmen, they should have a voice in determining laws that

affected them. The king and the conservative government in London paid no

heed to the concerns of the colonists, and many colonists felt that this was

an injustice, which gave them reason to demand independence from Britain. In

1775, fighting broke out between New England militia and British soldiers.

- On July 4, 1776, Continental Congress issued a Declaration of Independence,

primarily written by Thomas Jefferson, a farmer and lawyer from the colony of

Virginia. The Declaration described them as "free and independent slates" and

officially named them the United Stales of America.The document says that all

people are created equal, that all have the right to “Life, Liberty, and the

Pursuit of Happiness.

-With help from France, England's old enemy, and from other Europeans, the

American armies, led by George Washington, a surveyor and gentleman farmer

from Virginia, won the War of Independence. The peace treaty signed in 1783.

THE AMERICAN

POLITICAL SYSTEM

CONSTITUTION

- During the war, the states had agreed to work together by sending

representatives to a national congress patterned after the "Congress of

Delegates" that conducted the war with England. It would raise money to pay

off debts of the war, establish a money system and deal with foreign nations

in making treaties. The agreement that set up this plan of cooperation was

called the Articles of Confederation.

- Many Americans worried about the future. How could they win the respect of

other nations if the states did not pay their depts? How could they improve

.the country by building roads or canals if the stales would not work

together? They believed that the Congress needed more power.

- The plan for the government was written in very simple language in a

document called the Constitution of the United Slates. The Constitution set

up a federal system with a strong central government. A federal system is one

in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent

parts, with some rights reserved to each. The Constitution also called for

the election of a national leader, or president.

- Two main fears shared by most Americans: one fear was that one person or

group, including the majority, might become too powerful or be able to seize

control of the country and create a tyranny, another fear was that the new

central government might weaken or take away the power of the state

governments to run their own affairs. To deal with this the Constitution

specified exactly what power central government had and which power was

reserved for the states.

- Representatives of various states noted that the Constitution did not have

any words guaranteeing the freedoms or the basic rights and privileges of

citizens. Though the Convention delegates did not think it necessary to

include such explicit guarantees, many people felt that they needed further

written protection against tyranny. So, a "Bill of Rights" was added to the

Constitution.

LEGISLATIVE BRUNCH

- can make federal laws, levy federal taxes, declare war or put foreign

treaties into effect.

• The House of Representatives: two-year terms, each member represents a

district in his state according to the population of it, 435 representatives

in the United States House of Representatives.

• The Senate: six-year terms each state has two senators, only one-third of

the Senate is elected every two years, experienced senators in Congress after

each election.

- A bill is read, studied in committees, commented on and amended in the

Senate or House chamber in which it was introduced. It is then voted upon. If

it passes, it is sent to the other house where a similar procedure occurs.

Members of both houses work together in "conference committees" if the

chambers have passed different versions of the same bill. Groups who try to

persuade Congressmen to vote for or against a bill are known as "lobbies".

When both houses of Congress pass a bill on which they agree, it is sent to

the president for his signature. Only after it is signed does the bill become

a law.

THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH

- The chief executive is the president, who is elected to a two-year term.

- The president, as the chief formulator of public policy, can veto (forbid)

any bill passed by Congress. The veto can be overridden by a two-thirds vote

in both the Senate and House of Representatives. As head of his political

party, with ready access to the news media, the president can easily

influence public opinion regarding issues and legislation that he deems

vital.

- The president is commander in chief of the armed forces.

- The major departments of the government are headed by appointed secretaries

who collectively make up the president's cabinet. Each appointment must be

confirmed by a vote of the Senate. Today these 13 departments are: State,

Treasury, Defense, Justice, Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, Labor, Health

and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, Transportation, Energy and

Education.

- The president is primarily responsible for foreign relations with other

nations. The president often represents the United States abroad in

consultations with other heads of state, and, through his officials, he

negotiates treaties with over countries. Such treaties must be approved by a

two-thirds vote of the Senate. Presidents also negotiate with other nations

less formal "executive agreements" that are not subject to Senate approval.

THE JUDICIAL BRANCH

- The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court, which is the only court

specifically created by the Constitution. In addition, the Congress has

established 11 federal courts of appeal and, below them, 91 federal district

courts. Federal judges are appointed for life or voluntary retirement, and

can only be removed from office through the process of impeachment and trial

in the Congress.

- Federal courts have jurisdiction over cases arising out of the

Constitution: laws and treaties of the United States: maritime cases; issues

involving foreign citizens or governments; and cases in which the federal

government itself is a party.

- The Supreme Court today consists of a chief justice and eight associate

justices. The Court's most important function consists of determining whether

congressional legislation or executive action violates the Constitution. This

power of judicial review is not specifically provided for by the

Constitution.

CHECKS AND BALANCES

• If Congress proposes a law that the president thinks is unwise, the

president can veto it. That means the proposal does not become law. Congress

can enact the law despite the president's views only if two-thirds of the

members of both houses vote in favor of it.

• If Congress passes a law which is then challenged in the courts as

unconstitutional. the Supreme Court has the power to declare the law

unconstitutional and therefore no longer in effect.

• The president has the power to make treaties with other nations and to make

all appointments to federal positions, including the position of Supreme

Court justice. The Senate, however, must approve all treaties and confirm all

appointments before they become official. In this way the Congress can

prevent the president from making unwise appointments.

BILL OF RIGHTS

- To all Americans, another basic foundation of their representative

democracy is the Bill of Rights, adopted in 1791. This consists of 10 very

short paragraphs, which guarantee freedom and individual rights and forbid

interference with the lives of individuals by the government. Each paragraph

is an Amendment to the original Constitution.

- Bill of Rights guaranteed freedom of religion, of speech and of the press.

Americans have the right to assemble in public places, to protest government

actions and to demand change. They have the right to own weapons if they

wish. Because of the Bill of Rights, neither police nor soldiers can slop and

search a person without good reason. They also cannot search a person's home

without legal permission from a court to do so.

- Bill of Rights guarantees Americans the right to a speedy trial if accused

of a crime. Cruel and unusual punishment is forbidden.

- 16 amendments to the Constitution as of 1991: guarantee citizenship and

full rights of citizenship to all people regardless of race, gives women the

right to vote and another lowered the national voting age to 18 years.