Шпора: Шпоры для экзамена по англ. яз.

Шпора: Шпоры для экзамена по англ. яз.

Sanct-Peterburg

St-PB is the second largest city in Russia. Its population is about five

million people. The city is situated on the east shorn of the golf of Finland

of the Baltic Sea. St-PB stands on the river Neva in its delta. The river is

seventeen four kilometers long. It is the main waterway of the city. Many

centuries ago these lands belong to Novgorod principality, but it the 17-

century they were sired by Sweden. When Peter the first came to Russian troun

he launched the war against Sweden. This war lasted for 21 years. And known

as a north war. After one of the important battles Peter the first ordered to

put up the fortress to protect these lands. It was built on the Heir Island

and known as Peter and Paul fortress. Soon Peter the first decided build a

new big city here. He invited famous architectures to build the city. Now it

is one of most big cities in the world. It is famous for its famous museums,

parks and cathedrals.

Shopping

Shopping Shopping has common elements wherewer it takes

place. Abuyer looks for a seller who is

Offering something the buyer wants or needs at a price the buyer can afford

to pay. Sellers often advertise their wares in newspapers, radio, TV.Sellers

usually use a varity of tactics to induce buyers to purchase from them at a

price whitch leaves some profit. Shopping is a part of our life. There are

people who hate going shopping, So they make a list of what they needed

things. And there are people who go from shop to shop looking for goods of

better quality and lower price. They don’t worry about the time they spend

shopping. But there is a very good service called Postal Market. It helps you

to save your time and get goods of high quality.

Sport.

Sport is very important part of our life in GB. Thousand of people play

outdoor and indoor; such as boxing, football, cricket. There are many team

games in GB such as cricking and hockey. There are different of football for

example: rugby whitch oppered 1859 at rugby school. The players have the oval

ball in their hands. Another kind of football is soccer. Soccer watches big

crowds. There is another game in GB whitch is known as cricket. It is often

could an English national game. There is a fact that they play cricket since

16 centure. This game often play at school and univercities and all towns and

willages have there cricket teams. Swiming is also popular in GB. Many

children learn to swim at schools or during their holidays at seaside. There

are also indoor swiming pools whitch makes swiming posible all the round.

Swiming championships are often reported in the press , over the radio, and

on the television.

MOSCOW

Moscow is one of the oldest cities in Russia. Many centures ago it was a

village and in the 15 century it became the capital of Russia. A Kremlin was

built for russian czars. Since the16 century the city grow and it was

surrounded by a big wall of red stones. But in the 18 century the capital of

Russia was St-Pb and all the czars move to the Winter Palace. In 1918 Moscow

again became the capital of Russia. This time the city was very big. There

were a lot of the new streets, squares, blockhouses and cathedrals. In 1935

the first metro was built in Moscow. The heart of M is Red Square. There are

a lot of people there. They come to see Kremlin, Musoleum and the eternal 5

of the unknown soldier. The city has nearly 60 museums. The most famous is a

Tretyakovskaya Gallery. The emblem of Moscow you can see on one of the walls

of the Gallery. It is George the Winner slaying the dragon. The Gallery was

opened in in 1892 by Tretyakov. He was the richest merchant of Moscow and his

dream was to open public museum. He began to collect his collection since

1856. And in the 1892 there were 2000 pictures. Now we can see there 55000

pictures. Among them we can see pictures of Rublev, Repin,Serov,Petrov-Vodkin

and others.

SEASONS

There are four seasons in the year. They are: winter,spring,summer and autum.

The most longest and the coldest is the winter. Our country is situated in

the north. So, there are a lot of snow in winter. The weather is cold, the

sky is dark and cold wind is blowing. But we have a lot of fun in winter,

because we can sky, play snowbals. Then the next season is spring. The sun is

shining, the birds are singing, the grass become green, the sky is blue and

the weather is warm. Then comes summer. Everything is green, there are a lot

of flowers, mushrooms, and berries. All of us have summer holidays. They are

lasting 3 month. We like summer because we can swim,bernt, and spend a lot of

times out doors. Then comes autum. It is time to go to school. The weather

became again cold, there is much rains, the leafs are fall down and soon the

winter comes again.

HOLIDAYS

There are a lot of holidays and all of us like them. We live in Russia and it is

a country whitch is famous for its holidays. We like to celebrate them. The

most favorite holiday in our country is New Year. We celebrate it on the 31th

of december. All school children have holidays and they like this holiday very

much. We always buy a New Year three and decorate it with bright balls and

different toys. In the evening we always cook tosty things. New Year is the

largest holiday in the winter. Then come spring with its holidays. They are the

8th of March, it is known as women day. Then comes the day of

victory,whitch is on the 9th of May. It is holiday for our

grandpaents and also it is a national holiday to all Russian people. We live in

St-Pb and 27th of May we celebrate its birthday. All streets and

squares are decorated with flags and lights and we can see a bright color

solute in the evening.

EDUCATION

Education is very important thing in our life. Some people think that an

educated person must know a lot of things. But some people think that it is

better to know a little about a lot. Our parents afraid that bad education

may spoil our chance in future. You must know a lot about your future

profession. At first all children go to the kindergarden. Then at the age of

6 or 7 the go to shcool. They study maths, literature,history,foreign

languages and other subjects. They finish school at 16 or 17. After school we

can go special colleges, where we study for two or three years. And also we

can go to high schools and univercities. We study there for 5 years and get

high education there.

USA

After 350 years of development the US of A still holds the leading position

in the western world. The USA is the most powerful and highly developed

country in the world. The USA are situated in central part of North American

continent. Its western coast is washed by the Pacific Ocean. Its eastern

coast is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico.

The USA consists of 3 separate parts. They are the Hawaian Islands, Alaska

and the mayor part of the USA. There are 50 states and district of Columbia.

The states differ very much in size, population and economical development.

The population of the USA is about 250 million people.What makes the USA the

leader of the western world is its economical, political and

military dominance over other countries. The US is a federal republic. The

flag of USA is called “Stars and Stripes”. The 50 stars-white on a blue field

represent the 50 states, 18 stripes represent13 original English colonies,

whitch in 1776 became independed of England. The capital of the US is

Washington. It was named in honor of the first president whose name was

George Washington. The biggest cities of the USA are New York, San Francisco,

Los Angeles,Chicago and others.

LONDON

As well as being the capital of England, London is the capital of the UK.

London was founded by the Romans in 43 A.D. and was called Londinium. In 61

A.D. the town was burnt down and when it was rebuilt by the Romans it was

surrounded by a wall. That area within the wall is now called the City of

London. It is London’s commercial and business centre. It containts the Bank

of England, The Stock Exchange and the head offices of numerous companies and

corporations. Here is situated the Tower of London. It was built by William

the Conqueror who conquered England in 1066. He was crowned at Westminster

Abbey. Now most of the Government buildings are located there.During the

Victorian period (19 century) London was one of the most important centres of

Industrial Revolution and the centre of the British Empire.Today London is a

great political centre, a great commercial centre, a paradisw for theatre-

goers and tourists. City famous for its ancient buildings, museums and

libraries.

MASS MEDIA

Mass media are one of the most characteristic features of modern

civilization. People are united into one global community with the help of

mass media. People can learn about what is happening in the world very fast

using mass media. The mass media include newspapers, magazines,radio and

television. The earliest kind of mass media was newspapers. The first

newspaper was Roman handwritten newssheet called “Acta Diurna” started in 59

B.C. Magazines appeared in 1700’s. They developed from newspapers and

bookseller’s catalogs. Radio and TV appeared only in this century. The most

exciting and entertaining kind of mass media is TV. It brings moving pictures

and sounds directly to people’s homes. Radio is widespread for its

portablility. It means that radios can easily be carried around. People like

listening to the radio on the beach or picnic, while driving a car or just

walking down the street. Newspapers can present and comment on the news in

much detail in comparison to radio or TV. Magazines don’t focus on daily,

rapidly changing events. They provide more profound analysis of events of

week.

GREAT BRITAIN

The UK of GB and Northen(?) Island are situated on the British Isles, whitch

are separated from the European Continent by the North Sea and the English

Channel. British population is over 56 million. The largest cities of the

country are London, Liverpool and Glazgo. There are other famous and

interesting cities such Bermingem, Manchester, Chester (in the past it was a

Roman fort), York, Oxford and Cambrige. This city is famous for it’s

Britain’s second oldest university. The UK is the monarchy. The head of state

is a king or a queen. The territory of GB is small. The heart of Britan is

England. It is the reachest and the most populated country. The north and

west of England are mountains, but all the rest of the territory is the

Vast(?) Plain. The smallest of Britain’s countries is Wales. The largest part

of Wales is covered with rocky mountains. The capital of GB is London. It

stands on the Thames, the most important river in GB.

Stonehenge is one of the most famous prehistoric places in the world. This

ancient circle of stones stands in Southwest England. It made with massive

blocks of stone up to 4 metres high. Why it was built is mistery.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

People have always polluted their surroundings. But untill now pollution was

not such a serious problem. People lived in uncrowed areas and did not have

pollution-causing machines. With the development of crowded industrial cities

whitch put huge amounts of pollutans into small areas, the problem has become

more important. Automobiles and other new inventions make pollution steadily

worse. Since the late 1960’s people have become alarmed with the danger of

pollution. Air,water,and soil are necessary for existance of all living

things. But polluted air can cause illness, and even death. Polluted water

kills fish and other marine life. On polluted soil, food can not be grown. In

addition environmental pollution spoils the natural beauty of our planet

Government can pass the laws that would make enterprises take measures for

reducing of pollution. Individuals and groups of people can work together to

persuade enterprises to stop polluting activities.

LANGUAGES

There are many languages in the world:Franch,Doytch,Spanish,Russian and many

other. But most important language is English. “Do you speak English?”-with

this phrase begins the conversation between two people, that speak different

languages and want to find a common language. It’s very good when you hear:

“Yes, I do”, and start talking. People of different countries and nations

have to get along well with the progress in world trade and technology as

well as with each other. So it is very useful to learn foreign languages.

Knowledge of foreign language helps us to develop friendship and

understanding among people. English is very popular now. It’s the language of

computers, scince, business, sport and politics. It’s spoken all over the

world. It’s the official language of The USA, UK, Ireland, Canada and

Australia.There are more than 1 billion speakers of English in the world.

Speaking a foreign language you can read papers, magazines and original books

by great writers. If you like travelling you can go any where without being

afraid that other people will not understand you. English is too important to

find a good job.