Ãëàâíàÿ » Ðåôåðàòû    
ðåôåðàòû Ðàçäåëû ðåôåðàòû
ðåôåðàòû
ðåôåðàòûÃëàâíàÿ
ðåôåðàòûÅñòåñòâîçíàíèå
ðåôåðàòûÓãîëîâíîå ïðàâî óãîëîâíûé ïðîöåññ
ðåôåðàòûÒðóäîâîå ïðàâî
ðåôåðàòûÆóðíàëèñòèêà
ðåôåðàòûÕèìèÿ
ðåôåðàòûÃåîãðàôèÿ
ðåôåðàòûÈíîñòðàííûå ÿçûêè
ðåôåðàòûÐàçíîå
ðåôåðàòûÈíîñòðàííûå ÿçûêè
ðåôåðàòûÊèáåðíåòèêà
ðåôåðàòûÊîììóíèêàöèè è ñâÿçü
ðåôåðàòûÎêêóëüòèçì è óôîëîãèÿ
ðåôåðàòûÏîëèãðàôèÿ
ðåôåðàòûÐèòîðèêà
ðåôåðàòûÒåïëîòåõíèêà
ðåôåðàòûÒåõíîëîãèÿ
ðåôåðàòûÒîâàðîâåäåíèå
ðåôåðàòûÀðõèòåêòóðà
ðåôåðàòûÀñòðîëîãèÿ
ðåôåðàòûÀñòðîíîìèÿ
ðåôåðàòûÝðãîíîìèêà
ðåôåðàòûÊóëüòóðîëîãèÿ
ðåôåðàòûËèòåðàòóðà ÿçûêîâåäåíèå
ðåôåðàòûÌàðêåòèíã òîâàðîâåäåíèå ðåêëàìà
ðåôåðàòûÊðàåâåäåíèå è ýòíîãðàôèÿ
ðåôåðàòûÊóëèíàðèÿ è ïðîäóêòû ïèòàíèÿ
ðåôåðàòû
ðåôåðàòû Èíôîðìàöèÿ ðåôåðàòû
ðåôåðàòû
ðåôåðàòû

Ðåôåðàò: USA holidays

Ðåôåðàò: USA holidays

PLAN :

1. NEW YEAR’S DAY

2. MARTIN LUTHER KING’S BIRTHDAY

3. ST VALENTINE’S DAY

4. PRESIDENT’S DAY

5. ST PATRICK’S DAY

6. APRIL FOOL’S DAY

7. EARTH DAY

8. TAKE YOUR DAUGHTER TO WORK DAY

9. EASTER

10. MAY DAY

11. MOTHER’S DAY

12. MEMORIAL DAY

13. FLAG DAY

14. INDEPENDENCE DAY

15. FATHER’S DAY

16. LABOR DAY

17. COLUMBUS DAY

18. HALLOWEEN

19. ELECTION DAY

20. VETERANS DAY

21. THANKSGIVING DAY

22. CHRISTMAS

The population of the USA is made up of people of different

nationalities. Centuries ago they brought with them their native

celebrations. Some holidays which are marked in the US originated

in America. There is no provision for national holidays in the

USA. The number of holiday is different in different states – from

8 in the District of Columbia to 20 in Oklahoma.

NEW YEAR’S DAY

Love and joi come to you,

And to you your wassail, too !

And God bless you and send you

A happy new year !

Although in the United States the official holiday is January the 1

st, the celebration really begins on December 31st. New

Year’s Day is celebrated with parties which last beyond midnight so

that everyone can see in the New Year and watch the Old Year out.

Theatres, night clubs, restaurants are crowded. At 12:00 midnight when

the ringing of bells popping of champagne bottles and fire crackers,

and blowing of sirens and whistles announce the start of New Year.

People throw streamers and confetti, shake hands, exchange kisses and

embraces, and wish each other a “Happy New Year !” Some people

gather in the street of big cities, they ring bells, shoot of guns

and firecrackers. January 1st is celebrated with parades in

some cities. One of the noisiest and most crowded of New Year’s

Eve celebration take place in New York City at Time Square.

Thousands of New Yorkers gather there, and millions of Americans

across the country join them by TV.

Following a long, chaotic New Year’s Eve, Americans spend a quiet

New Year Day. In most households everyone sleeps late, often enjoys

meals and TV with the family and friends. Two famous New Year’s

Day festivals are showed for national viewing: the Tournament of

Roses and Mummer’s Parade. Both of these events have been American

traditions for more than half a century.

The Mummer’s Parade, which take place in Philadelphia is a ten –

hour spectacle. It was introduced in the US by Swedish immigrants.

There are clowns, musicians, dancers – all led by King Momus dressed

in bright satin.

The Tournament of Roses take place in Pasadena, California. Prizes

are awarded to the cities with the most unusual and attractive

floral displays. After the parade, the Rose Bowl football game, a

struggle between two top - ranking college football teams, is

played. Those events attract thousands of tourists and millions of

TV viewers.

Besides champagne, streamers and noisemakers, other symbols of the

New Year celebration include a clock or hour glass, an old man

symbolizing the Old year, and a new baby symbolizing the New year.

This may be an allusion to the ancient Roman god Janus, for whom

the month of January is named. Legend has it that Janus had two

faces, one looking into the past, and the other looking into the

future. This certainly personifies the sentiments of many people

who, on New Year’s Day think both about the past year with its

achievements and shortcomings as well as looking forward with hope

to a new and better year to come. Sincere and practical, many

Americans even write down their “New year resolutions” to do

specific things like giving up smoking, going on a diet, getting

up earlier, spending less money on clothes, etc. Even though such

resolutions are rarely kept, at least they make for a good laugh

when the next New Year comes.

MARTIN LUTHER KING’S BIRTHDAY

“I have a dream that my four

children will one day live in a

nation where they will not be

judged by the color of their skin

but by the content of their

character.”

Martin Luther King

On January 15th, people in the United States celebrate the

birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. He was a great civil rights

leader who fought against racial discrimination. He said that people

should be judged by their characters, and not the color of their

skin. He believed in integration. He received national attention when

he protested the injustice of segregated buses in Alabama.

Martin Luther King is remembered in church memorial services,

marches, and public ceremonies. People also listen to his speeches,

watch TV documentaries, and sing spirituals and the civil rights

anthem “We Shall Overcome.” In schools, students read about this

leader, study his writings and celebrate his memory with special

programs. Politicians and performers also participate in celebrations

to honor Martin Luther King.

The third Monday in January is a legal holiday to honor Martin

Luther King.

ST VALENTINE’S DAY

It’s Valentine’s Day. And in the street

There’s freezing rain, and slush, and sleet.

The wind is fierce. The skies are gray.

I don’t think I’ll go out today.

But here inside the weather’s warm.

There is no trace of wind or storm.

And you just made the morning shine.

You said you’d be my Valentine.

Valentine’s Day is celebrated on February 14th. It isn’t a

national holiday. Banks and offices are open this day, but it is a

happy little festival in honor of St Valentine, patron sweethearts

and lovers. In this day school children typically make valentines

for their teachers and classmates and put them in a large decorated

mailbox. It is customary on the day to send a “Valentine”, a card

with affectionate message to someone you love, or to your best

friends or a little present. The greeting cards are often colored

red trimmings and pictures of heart.

Whatever the reasons, Americans of all ages love to send and

receive valentines and to hear and sing the thousands of new and

traditional love songs which flood television and radio programs on

that day.

Among all the red hearts, birds, love letters, candies, chocolates

and kisses which comprise symbolism and realia, Cupid or Eros is

the unquestioned favorite in personifying the spirit of the day.

According to Greek ( later Roman ) tradition. Cupid was the

eternally child – like son of Venus, the goddess of love. Although

he remained a baby, he could fly and was equipped with a tiny

bow and countless golden arrows special power, and that is why if

Cupid shot you with his arrow, you would fall in love with the

first person you met.

So St Valentine’s Day is the day of love for many people.

PRESIDENT’S DAY

Until 1986 this holiday was in fast two holidays: Abraham Lincoln’s

Birthday, celebrated on February 12, and George Washington’s Birthday,

celebrated on February 22. Their birthdays are celebrated on the 3

rd Monday in February.

Abraham Lincoln was President during the Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ).

He led the fight to keep the nation together and free the slaves.

His life ended tragically. He was killed at the theatre during the

performance soon after the victory of the North. In honor of this

great man a beautiful memorial has been built in Washington, D. C.

George Washington led the American Army to victory in the War for

Independence. Later he was elected President of the United States

and was in office for 8 years (1789 –1797). The national capital

of the United States, a state and several towns are named after

George Washington. In addition to commemorating the birth of the

US’s first President, it’s a great day for shoppers. The department

stores of Washington, D. C., started a national tradition of sales

marked by unusual bargains. The US Congress observes the birthday

of G. Washington with speeches and reading from his works.

ST PATRIC’S DAY

It’s a great day for the Shamrock,

For the flags in full array,

We’re feeling so inspirish,

Sure because for all the Irish

It’s a great, great day!

On March 17th, Americans celebrate an Irish religious

holiday, St Patrick’s Day. It is a day to remember the Irish

people in the United States and Ireland. Ireland is a country with

a lot of green grass and shamrocks. Shamrock are small plants with

three leaves. There is a lot of green in Ireland, so green is

Ireland’s national color.

People often wear green clothes on St Patrick’s Day. There are

parades in many cities with large Irish population, but the largest

parade is in New York. Many people go to parties. They sing,

dance, and eat Irish food. Some drink green beer.

St Patrick was a priest in Ireland many years ago. He taught the

Irish people about God. St Patrick died on March 17th in

the year 461.

Beginning in 1845, many Irish people moved to the United States.

They came because there wasn’t enough food to eat in Ireland. St

Patrick’s Day celebrations helped the Irish remember their country,

their music and their families. Many Americans say, “Everyone is

Irish on St Patrick’s Day.”

APRIL FOOL’S DAY

The first of April, some do say,

It set apart for All Fool’s Day.

But why the people call it so,

Nor I, nor they themselves do know.

But on this day are people sent

On purpose for pure merriment.

April Fool’s Day is celebrated on April 1st. It is the day

for harmless tricks and good laughs. The origin of April Fool’s Day

or All Fool’s Day goes back to the dilemma faced by many Europeans

in 1562 when Pope Gregory introduced a new calendar, one which

shifted the start of new year from its traditionally warm nesting

place of April 1st to the cold and dreary date of

January 1st.

Today in the United States both children and adults play small

tricks on each others. If the trickster is still around he or she

may take credit for his deed by shouting “April Fool !” but

probably not before you’ve spoiled your cup of morning coffee or

tea. If you are innocent victim of such mischief, your first

reaction may be to “wring the scoundrel’s neck.”

American author and satirist Mark Twain summed up the nature of

the holiday thus: “The first of April is the day we remember what

we are the other 364 days of the year.”

EARTH DAY

The earth is a garden.

It’s a beautiful place.

For all living creatures,

For all the human race

April 22 is a special day around the world. On that day

inhabitants of Earth celebrate Earth Day. Earth Day is a time when

many people show that they care for our fragile planet. They show

concern about the threats the planet faces – destruction of the rain

forest, holes in the ozone layer, the greenhouse effect, too much

garbage, and all forms of air and water pollution. It is a day

for people to learn what they can do to preserve the planet

Earth.

The first Earth Day was held in the U.S. twenty two years ago,

in April 1970. At that time, Americans were just beginning to

learn about the problems facing the planet.

TAKE YOUR DAUGHTER TO WORK DAY

This holiday is celebrated on April 28th. Schools are closed

this day and girls go to work to their mothers. It is very

important holiday, because girls know that can become anything they

want when they grow up. If the mothers don’t work the girls stayed

at home and mothers teach them to cook, to work at home and to

hold the house.

EASTER

Easter is a Christian religious holiday. Ibis

memory of Resurrection of Jesus Christ. It falls on the first

Sunday after the first full moon between March, 22, and April, 25.

The 40 days before Easter are called Lent. Just before Easter,

schools and colleges usually close. The students have a week or ten

days of spring holidays.

Easter is a church holiday, and many churches have an outdoor

sunrise service. On the night before Easter, an imaginary creature

known as the Easter Bunny comes to visit children and leaves a

basket filled with candy in the shape of eggs, bunnies and baby

chicks. Another tradition is painting hard – boiled eggs different

colors and designs on them. It is common to hide these eggs, as

well as candy eggs, for children to look for an Easter Sunday as

part of an Easter egg hunt.

MAY DAY

It’s May! It’s May! The lusty month of May,

That lovely month when everyone goes

Blissfully astray !

The roots of the May Day celebration go back to very ancient time

and are evident in many civilizations, where basically the idea was

to express gratitude to the gods for the renewal of spring. May

Day was not widely celebrated in the United States during its

early years, because the Puritans disapproved of frivolous

festivities.

Some American parents and teachers use this holiday as a chance to

encourage their children and students to bring some surprise and

joy into the life of the lonely or aged. They make May baskets

filled with flowers and candy and hang them on doorknobs throughout

their neighborhoods, sometimes ringing the bell, hiding, and watching

smiles replace frowns and unexpected joy light up the wrinkled

faces of their neighbors.

MOTHER’S DAY

“M” is for the million things she gave me.

“O” means only that she’s growing old.

“T” is for the tears she shed to save me.

“H” is for her heart of purest gold.

“E” is for her eyes, with lovelights shining.

“R” means right she’ll always

Put them all together; they spell “mother”,

A word that means the world to me.

In the United States Americans honor their mothers and grandmothers,

on the second Sunday in May. This day is set aside to show love

and respect for mother. On Mother’s Day children give thanks for

the support, love, care, and guidance. Giving cards and gifts is

also tradition. Children often make Mother’s Day gifts in school.

Pin cushions, sachets, tie clasps, decorated boxes and picture

frames, recipe holders, and plaster – cast hand prints are all

popular favorites. Another common gift for mothers is the “mother

ring,” a ring set with the birthstones of each of the members of

the family.

Mother’s Day was first proclaimed a national holiday by President

Woodrow Wilson in 1915. The idea of honoring mothers on a special

day started with Ann Jarvis, from Grafton, West Virginia, who chose

the second Sunday in May and began the custom of wearing a red

carnation if one’s mother was still living and a white carnation

if one’s mother was deceased. If the latter is the case, many

people visit their mother’s grave side and dedicate the day to

their mother’s memory.

MEMORIAL DAY

The last Monday in May is Memorial Day. This is a national

holiday to remember the dead. The first Memorial Day was many

years ago after the Civil War (1861 –1865). After the war, people

wanted to remember the dead. So around 1866, people began to

decorate the graves of Civil War soldiers. People called this day

Decoration Day or Poppy Day (Poppies are small red flowers).

On the Memorial Day, Americans honour the servicemen who gave their

lives in past wars. Schools, clubs and churches decorate the

cemeteries. They put up the flags on the graves of the army, navy

and airmen. They hold memorial services in churches, halls, parks

and cemeteries.

In addition to solemn services Memorial Day is often marked by

other, more joyful ceremonies: colorful parades, sports competitions.

FLAG DAY

Then hurrah for the flag, our country’s flag,

Its stripes and white stars, too.

There is no flag in any land

Like our own Red, White and Blue.

On June 14th, 1777, the United States adopted its first

flag. Today Americans honor the US flag each year on June 14th

. Flag Day is a national commemorative day. It is not a holiday

from work. Many people fly the flag outside their homes and

businesses on this day.

The American flag has different names. One name is “The Red,

White, and Blue.” This name is for the colors of the flag.

Another name is “The Stars and Stripes.” This name is for the 50

stars and 13 stripes.

The flag did not always have 50 stars and 13 stripes. In 1777,

the original flag had 13stars and 13stripes for the 13 colonies.

The 13 colonies became the first 13 states. Then more states

joined the United States. In 1794, the flag had 15 stars and 15

stripes. Then more states joined. This created a problem for the

flag makers. The flag was getting too big! So in 1818, Congress

decided to have only 13 stripes on the flag. They decided to add

one star for each new state. So now there are 50 stars and

13stripes on the flag.

INDEPENDENCE DAY

America, America,

Land of hope and liberty,

Freedom rings from every mountain,

From sea to sea.

July 4th is Independence Day. Another name for Independence

Day is the Fourth of July. On this day in 1776 the final of the

Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson, was adopted.

Independence Day is a national holiday. Government offices, banks,

and schools close. Most people don’t go to work. Families and

friends get together outside for picnics and cookouts.

Traditionally the Fourth of July is celebrate with firing of guns

and fireworks, parades open – air meetings and speeches praising

“Americanism, democracy, free enterprise.”

Independence Day isn’t only day for cookouts, noise, and fireworks.

It is also a day to think about freedom. The Declaration of

Independence says everyone has the right to life, liberty, and the

pursuit of happiness. The Declaration of Independence more than 200

years old, but its ideas are important today.

FATHER’S DAY

Everything to both of us is so new.

As you learn about the world

I learn about you,

There’s no need to fear.

Daddy will be here,

And I’ll love and care for you

Through the years.

People in the United States honor their fathers with special day:

Father’s Day. This holiday is celebrated on the third Sunday in

June.

Father’s Day dates back to 1909, when one daughter, a certain Mrs.

Dodd from Spokane, Washington, wanted to honor her own father who

had raised four sons and a daughter after her mother’s death.

Although the first Father’s Day was observed in Spokane in 1910

and it has been likewise observed in many other states for many

decades, Father’s Day did not become a national holiday until

Senator Margaret Chase Smith helped to establish it as such in

1972.

Giving cards and gifts is the tradition of this holiday. Children

make them in schools. Many people make their own presents. Greeting

cards, stores, florists, candy makers, bakeries, telephone companies

and other stores do a lot of business during this day.

LABOR DAY

Labor Day is a legal holiday. It is celebrated each year on the

first Monday in September. It was planned as a day to honor

workers in America and to give them a long weekend holiday from

work.

Labor Day was started in 1882 by a union called the Knights of

Labor. The first celebration was a long parade followed by a

picnic in New York City. In 1894 Congress made it a legal

holiday.

Labor Day is traditionally celebrated with parades, speeches, and

recognition of the labor unions. Labor Day sales are a popular

event held on this holiday. Barbecues and picnics are popular on

Labor Day. They mark the end of the summer season. Schools usually

open after this holiday.

COLUMBUS DAY

The American continent was discoved in

1492 by the Spanish seaman Christopher Columbus. Columbus is said to

be the first Euaropen man, stepping on the American land, and that

day, when it was happend, the 12th of October, became the

holiday, which is called Columbus Day. This holiday is celebrated in

34 States of the USA and Puerto Rico. There are parades and

parties in San Francisco and New York. One of the squares of New

York is called Columbus Circle with the monument of Columbus in the

middle of it.

HALLOWEEN

It’s Halloween! It’s Halloween!

The moon is full and bright

And we shall see what we can’t be seen

On any other night.

Halloween is the day or evening before All Saints Day. The name is

a shortened version of “All Hallows Eve” the night before All

Saints Day which is celebrated on November 1st by the

Catolic Church. Halloween customs date back to a time when people

believed in devils, witches and ghost. They thought that these evil

spirits could do all kinds of damage to property. Some people tried

to ward off witches by paintings signs on their barns. Others tried

to scare them away by nailing a piece of iron, such as horseshoe,

over the door.

Now most of people do not believe in evil spirits. On this day

they just have a nice holiday. Children dress up as ghosts and

witches and go out into the street to beg. They from house to

house and say: “Trick or treat!”, meaning “Give me a treat or

I’ll play a trick on you”. People give them candy, cookies and

apples. This custom comes from the Celts in ancient Britain who

feared the coming of winter and dressed in frightening costumes so

the demons of winter would think they were one of them and do

them no harm. Hence, the origin of costumes for today’s

celebration: It represents a devil coming to your home whom you

can placate with a treat.

A favorite custom is making a jack – o – lantern. Children scrape

out a pumpkin and cut the outlines of eyes, nose and mouth in

its side. They light a candle inside the pumpkin to scare their

friends. This custom refers to a man named Jack who still wanders

around the earth lighting his way with a pumpkin lantern.

ELECTION DAY

The first Tuesday after the first Monday in November is Election

Day. It is a legal holiday. Since 1845, by Act of Congress, this

date has been set aside for elections.

On this day American citizen elect their public officials,

president, congressmen, governors, mayors and judges. All states

require that voters be citizens of the United States.

“Election Day” sales in stories are very popular on this day. The

night of the election, people watch the election results on TV.

They listen to the speeches made by the winners.

VETERANS DAY

November 11th is a national holiday. Veterans Day is a day

to remember and honor all those Americans who served in the armed

forces and particularly those who fought during the Spanish –

Americans War, World Wars I and II, the Korean War, and the

Vietnam War. People also remember those soldiers missing in action.

This day reminds people of the courage and patriotism of all men

and women who serve their country.

President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed November 11th as Armistice

Day so Americans would not forget the tragedies of war. In 1954

Congress changed the name to Veterans Day to honor all United

States veterans. It is also a day dedicated to world peace.

On this day, the radio and television broadcast services held at

the National Cemetery in Arlington. High officials come from

Washington to attend these services. They place a wreath of flowers

at the tomb of the Unknown Soldier. All stand in silence for a

few minutes at eleven o’clock to honor the memory of the

serviceman killed in the two World Wars.

THANKSGIVING DAY

When Pilgrims sailed to this new land,

They met a friendly Indian band.

The Indians taught them to plant, hunt, and fish,

Then they all had a feast with many a tasty dish.

Thanksgiving Day is marked on the fourth Thursday of November in

memory of the first Thanksgiving Day held by the early Pilgrim

settles in Massachusetts in 1621, in gratitude for the successful

harvest. They experienced difficulty in those early times and

survived only with the help of American Indians who taught them

how to grow and harvest indigenous foods such as squash and corn.

The first Thanksgiving day lasted three days and was celebrated

with their Indian friends.

Thanksgiving was proclaimed a national day of observance by Congress

in 1941 .

Thanksgiving Day is a four – day holiday for most Americans. This

is a family holiday. Families come together from near and far. In

some places special religious services are held in the morning.

Then comes the traditional feast. Turkey with stuffing is the main

dish. It is served with sweet potatoes, squash, cranberry sauce,

and pumpkin pie. Apple cider is the drink of the day.

Football is the most popular game on this day. Usually there are

several football games to watch on TV. There is Thanksgiving Day

Parade in New York City.

Stores, classrooms, and homes are decorated with turkeys, pilgrims,

Indians, wreaths of dried flowers, and vegetables. Horns of plenty

are also very popular.

CHRISTMAS

It’s time for hanging stockings,

It’s time for riding sleighs,

It’s time for jolly greeting,

Snow and holly overeating,

It’s Christmas! Merry Christmas!

It’s the best of holidays.

Christmas is a Christian holiday commemorating the birth of Jesus

Christ. Americans celebrate Christmas on December the 25th .

It is usually a one – day official holiday, but it is proceeded and

followed by festive parties. By this day people decorate fir - trees

with toys and candies. Children wait for Santa Claus who comes to

every house and brings them presents. Before going to bed, children

leave their shoes to find in them what they want most of all the

next morning.

Decorating the house with holly, ivy and mistletoe is a custom,

which comes from England. Ivy means immortality. Holly is a bush with

shiny red berries and glossy leaves with a characteristic shape and

sharp pointy edges. Because it remains green throughout the year it

was believed to hold a promise that the sun would return. Holly'’

berries symbolize Christ’s blood. Mistletoe is an interesting green

parasitic plant which grows in globe – like formations high up in

the branches of oak trees. Springs of it are tied together with

ribbons and hung up in doorways. By custom anyone standing under

the mistletoe gets to be kissed.

Christmas is a family holiday. Schools and colleges close between

Christmas and New Year’s Day. People stay at home and spend the

time with their families. Everybody tries to come home for

Christmas. People send cards or Christmas greetings to family and

friends away from home. All the members of the family exchange

gifts. It is a merry holiday.

Some holidays in America have their own symbols. Here they are:

1. Presidents Day 6.

Independence Day

2. Columbus Day 7. New

Year’s Day

3. St. Patrick’s Day 8.

Martin Luther King’s day

4. Easter 9.

Christmas

5. Valentine’s Day 10.

Halloween

And there are festival post cards for every holiday, which American

people give the friends and relatives when they congratulate each

other. Here are some postcards for some parties:

Such are the US holidays. A holiday has simply become, for most Americans,

a day off from work. No matter what the holiday’s origin is, they

all seem to be the same thing, though some (for example, Thanksgiving,

Christmas, Halloween) retain some individuality.

The list of literature:

1. “Holidays Go Round and Round”; Authors: Kathleen Carroll,

Marina Novikova. St Petersburg, 1996, Triada Publishing.

2. “Àíãëèéñêèé äëÿ ïîñòóïàþùèõ â ÂÓÇû”; Authors: Öâåòêîâà È. Â.,

Êëåïàëü÷åíêî È. À., Ìûëüöåâà Í. À. Ìîñêâà, ÃËÎÑÑÀ, 1995.

3. “95 óñòíûõ òåì ïî àíãëèéñêîìó ÿçûêó”; Author: Çàíèíà Å. À.

Ìîñêâà, Àéðèñ Ðîëüô, 1997.

4. “Spotlight on the USA”; Author: Natalia Timanovskaya. Òóëà,

Àâòîãðàô, 1996.

5. “Living in the United States”. Intercultural exchange series.

Copy right 1994.

6. “Happy English 2”; Authors: Òàòüÿíà Êëåìåíòüåâà, Äæèëë Øýííîí.

Îáíèíñê, Òèòóë, 1996.

7. “English”. Åæåíåäåëüíîå ïðèëîæåíèå ê ãàçåòå “ Ïåðâîå ñåíòÿáðÿ”,

N 7, 9, 11, 17, 18, 20, 29, 32, 36, 42, 1994.

ðåôåðàòû Ðåêîìåíäóåì ðåôåðàòûðåôåðàòû

     
Ðåôåðàòû @2011