Реферат: Pulizer Prize

Реферат: Pulizer Prize

Министерство образования и науки Украины

Таврический национальный университет

Кафедра английской филологии

Гура Егор Николаевич

Реферат на тему: «The Pulitzer Prize»

Дисциплина «Лингвострановедение»

Специальность 7.030502

«английский и немецкий языки и литература»

курс 4, группа 42

Симферополь 2001

Contents:

History of the prizes 2

Joseph Pulitzer 5

The Administration of the Pulitzer Prizes 7

Appendix 12

The list of used resources 14

HISTORY OF THE PRIZES

In the latter years of the 19th century, Joseph Pulitzer stood out as the

very embodiment of American journalism. Hungarian-born, an intense

indomitable figure, Pulitzer was the most skillful of newspaper publishers, a

passionate crusader against dishonest government, a fierce, hawk-like

competitor who did not shrink from sensationalism in circulation struggles,

and a visionary who richly endowed his profession. His innovative New York

World and St. Louis Post-Dispatch reshaped newspaper journalism. Pulitzer was

the first to call for the training of journalists at the university level in

a school of journalism. And certainly, the lasting influence of the Pulitzer

Prizes on journalism, literature, music, and drama is to be attributed to his

visionary acumen. In writing his 1904 will, which made provision for the

establishment of the Pulitzer Prizes as an incentive to excellence, Pulitzer

specified solely four awards in journalism, four in letters and drama, one

for education, and four traveling scholarships. In letters, prizes were to go

to an American novel, an original American play performed in New York, a book

on the history of the United States, an American biography, and a history of

public service by the press. But, sensitive to the dynamic progression of his

society Pulitzer made provision for broad changes in the system of awards. He

established an overseer advisory board and willed it "power in its discretion

to suspend or to change any subject or subjects, substituting, however,

others in their places, if in the judgment of the board such suspension,

changes, or substitutions shall be conducive to the public good or rendered

advisable by public necessities, or by reason of change of time." He also

empowered the board to withhold any award where entries fell below its

standards of excellence. The assignment of power to the board was such that

it could also overrule the recommendations for awards made by the juries

subsequently set up in each of the categories. Since the inception of the

prizes in 1917, the board, later renamed the Pulitzer Prize Board, has

increased the number of awards to 21 and introduced poetry, music, and

photography as subjects, while adhering to the spirit of the founder's will

and its intent.

The board typically exercised its broad discretion in 1997, the 150th

anniversary of Pulitzer's birth, in two fundamental respects. It took a

significant step in recognition of the growing importance of work being done

by newspapers in online journalism. Beginning with the 1999 competition, the

board sanctioned the submission by newspapers of online presentations as

supplements to print exhibits in the Public Service category. The board left

open the distinct possibility of further inclusions in the Pulitzer process

of online journalism as the electronic medium developed. The other major

change was in music, a category that was added to the Plan of Award for

prizes in 1943. The prize always had gone to composers of classical music.

The definition and entry requirements of the music category beginning with

the 1998 competition were broadened to attract a wider range of American

music. In an indication of the trend toward bringing mainstream music into

the Pulitzer process, the 1997 prize went to Wynton Marsalis's "Blood on the

Fields," which has strong jazz elements, the first such award. In music, the

board also took tacit note of the criticism leveled at its predecessors for

failure to cite two of the country's foremost jazz composers. It bestowed a

Special Award on George Gershwin marking the 1998 centennial celebration of

his birth and Duke Ellington on his 1999 centennial year.

Over the years the Pulitzer board has at times been targeted by critics for

awards made or not made. Controversies also have arisen over decisions made

by the board counter to the advice of juries. Given the subjective nature of

the award process, this was inevitable. The board has not been captive to

popular inclinations. Many, if not most, of the honored books have not been

on bestseller lists, and many of the winning plays have been staged off-

Broadway or in regional theaters. In journalism the major newspapers, such as

The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and The Washington Post, have

harvested many of the awards, but the board also has often reached out to

work done by small, little-known papers. The Public Service award in 1995

went to The Virgin Islands Daily News, St. Thomas, for its disclosure of the

links between the region's rampant crime rate and corruption in the local

criminal justice system. In letters, the board has grown less conservative

over the years in matters of taste. In 1963 the drama jury nominated Edward

Albee's Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, but the board found the script

insufficiently "uplifting," a complaint that related to arguments over sexual

permissiveness and rough dialogue. In 1993 the prize went to Tony Kushner's

"Angels in America: Millennium Approaches," a play that dealt with problems

of homosexuality and AIDS and whose script was replete with obscenities. On

the same debated issue of taste, the board in 1941 denied the fiction prize

to Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls, but gave him the award in 1953

for The Old Man and the Sea, a lesser work. Notwithstanding these

contretemps, from its earliest days, the board has in general stood firmly by

a policy of secrecy in its deliberations and refusal to publicly debate or

defend its decisions. The challenges have not lessened the reputation of the

Pulitzer Prizes as the country's most prestigious awards and as the most

sought-after accolades in journalism, letters, and music. The Prizes are

perceived as a major incentive for high-quality journalism and have focused

worldwide attention on American achievements in letters and music.

The formal announcement of the prizes, made each April, states that the

awards are made by the president of Columbia University on the recommendation

of the Pulitzer Prize board. This formulation is derived from the Pulitzer

will, which established Columbia as the seat of the administration of the

prizes. Today, in fact, the independent board makes all the decisions

relative to the prizes. In his will Pulitzer bestowed an endowment on

Columbia of $2,000,000 for the establishment of a School of Journalism, one-

fourth of which was to be "applied to prizes or scholarships for the

encouragement of public, service, public morals, American literature, and the

advancement of education." In doing so, he stated: "I am deeply interested in

the progress and elevation of journalism, having spent my life in that

profession, regarding it as a noble profession and one of unequaled

importance for its influence upon the minds and morals of the people. I

desire to assist in attracting to this profession young men of character and

ability, also to help those already engaged in the profession to acquire the

highest moral and intellectual training." In his ascent to the summit of

American journalism, Pulitzer himself received little or no assistance. He

prided himself on being a self-made man, but it may have been his struggles

as a young journalist that imbued him with the desire to foster professional

training.

JOSEPH PULITZER (1847–1911)

Joseph Pulitzer was born in Mako, Hungary on April 10, 1847, the son of a

wealthy grain merchant of Magyar-Jewish origin and a German mother who was a

devout Roman Catholic. His younger brother, Albert, was trained for the

priesthood but never attained it. The elder Pulitzer retired in Budapest and

Joseph grew up and was educated there in private schools and by tutors.

Restive at the age of seventeen, the gangling 6'2" youth decided to become a

soldier and tried in turn to enlist in the Austrian Army, Napoleon's Foreign

Legion for duty in Mexico, and the British Army for service in India. He was

rebuffed because of weak eyesight and frail health, which were to plague him

for the rest of his life. However, in Hamburg, Germany, he encountered a

bounty recruiter for the U.S. Union Army and contracted to enlist as a

substitute for a draftee, a procedure permitted under the Civil War draft

system. At Boston he jumped ship and, as the legend goes, swam to shore,

determined to keep the enlistment bounty for himself rather than leave it to

the agent. Pulitzer collected the bounty by enlisting for a year in the

Lincol

n Cavalry, which suited him since there were many Germans in the unit. He

was fluent in German and French but spoke very little English. Later, he

worked his way to St. Louis. While doing odd jobs there, such as muleteer,

baggage handler, and waiter, he immersed himself in the city's Mercantile

Library, studying English and the law. His great career opportunity came in a

unique manner in the library's chess room. Observing the game of two

habitues, he astutely critiqued a move and the players, impressed, engaged

Pulitzer in conversation. The players were editors of the leading German

language daily, Westliche Post, and a job offer followed. Four years later,

in 1872, the young Pulitzer, who had built a reputation as a tireless

enterprising journalist, was offered a controlling interest in the paper by

the nearly bankrupt owners. At age 25, Pulitzer became a publisher and there

followed a series of shrewd business deals from which he emerged in 1878 as

the owner of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, and a rising figure on the

journalistic scene.

Earlier in the same year, he and Kate Davis, a socially prominent

Washingtonian woman, were married in the Protestant Episcopal Church. The

Hungarian immigrant youth - once a vagrant on the slum streets of St. Louis

and taunted as "Joey the Jew" - had been transformed. Now he was a American

citizen and as speaker, writer, and editor had mastered English

extraordinarily well. Elegantly dressed, wearing a handsome, reddish-brown

beard and pince-nez glasses, he mixed easily with the social elite of St.

Louis, enjoying dancing at fancy parties and horseback riding in the park.

This lifestyle was abandoned abruptly when he came into the ownership of the

St. Louis Post-Dispatch. James Wyman Barrett, the last city editor of The New

York World, records in his biography Joseph Pulitzer and His World how

Pulitzer, in taking hold of the Post-Dispatch, "worked at his desk from early

morning until midnight or later, interesting himself in every detail of the

paper." Appealing to the public to accept that his paper was their champion,

Pulitzer splashed investigative articles and editorials assailing government

corruption, wealthy tax-dodgers, and gamblers. This populist appeal was

effective, circulation mounted, and the paper prospered. Pulitzer would have

been pleased to know that in the conduct of the Pulitzer Prize system which

he later established, more awards in journalism would go to exposure of

corruption than to any other subject.

Pulitzer paid a price for his unsparingly rigorous work at his newspaper. His

health was undermined and, with his eyes failing, Pulitzer and his wife set

out in 1883 for New York to board a ship on a doctor-ordered European

vacation. Stubbornly, instead of boarding the steamer in New York, he met

with Jay Gould, the financier, and negotiated the purchase of The New York

World, which was in financial straits. Putting aside his serious health

concerns, Pulitzer immersed himself in its direction, bringing about what

Barrett describes as a "one-man revolution" in the editorial policy, content,

and format of The World. He employed some of the same techniques that had

built up the circulation of the Post-Dispatch. He crusaded against public and

private corruption, filled the news columns with a spate of sensationalized

features, made the first extensive use of illustrations, and staged news

stunts. In one of the most successful promotions, The World raised public

subscriptions for the building of a pedestal at the entrance to the New York

harbor so that the Statue of Liberty, which was stranded in France awaiting

shipment, could be emplaced.

The formula worked so well that in the next decade the circulation of The

World in all its editions climbed to more than 600,000, and it reigned as the

largest circulating newspaper in the country. But unexpectedly Pulitzer

himself became a victim of the battle for circulation when Charles Anderson

Dana, publisher of The Sun, frustrated by the success of The World launched

vicious personal attacks on him as "the Jew who had denied his race and

religion." The unrelenting campaign was designed to alienate New York's

Jewish community from The World. Pulitzer's health was fractured further

during this ordeal and in 1890, at the age of 43, he withdrew from the

editorship of The World and never returned to its newsroom. Virtually blind,

having in his severe depression succumbed also to an illness that made him

excruciatingly sensitive to noise, Pulitzer went abroad frantically seeking

cures. He failed to find them, and the next two decades of his life he spent

largely in soundproofed "vaults," as he referred to them, aboard his yacht,

Liberty, in the "Tower of Silence" at his vacation retreat in Bar Harbor

Maine, and at his New York mansion. During those years, although he traveled

very frequently, Pulitzer managed, nevertheless, to maintain the closest

editorial and business direction of his newspapers. To ensure secrecy in his

communications he relied on a code that filled a book containing some 20,000

names and terms. During the years 1896 to 1898 Pulitzer was drawn into a

bitter circulation battle with William Randolph Hearst's Journal in which

there were no apparent restraints on sensationalism or fabrication of news.

When the Cubans rebelled against Spanish rule, Pulitzer and Hearst sought to

outdo each other in whipping up outrage against the Spanish. Both called for

war against Spain after the U.S. battleship Maine mysteriously blew up and

sank in Havana harbor on February 16, 1898. Congress reacted to the outcry

with a war resolution. After the four-month war, Pulitzer withdrew from what

had become known as "yellow journalism." The World became more restrained and

served as the influential editorial voice on many issues of the Democratic

Party. In the view of historians, Pulitzer's lapse into "yellow journalism"

was outweighed by his public service achievements. He waged courageous and

often successful crusades against corrupt practices in government and

business. He was responsible to a large extent for passage of antitrust

legislation and regulation of the insurance industry. In 1909, The World

exposed a fraudulent payment of $40 million by the United States to the

French Panama Canal Company. The federal government lashed back at The World

by indicting Pulitzer for criminally libeling President Theodore Roosevelt

and the banker J.P. Morgan, among others. Pulitzer refused to retreat, and

The World persisted in its investigation. When the courts dismissed the

indictments, Pulitzer was applauded for a crucial victory on behalf of

freedom of the press. In May 1904, writing in The North American Review in

support of his proposal for the founding of a school of journalism, Pulitzer

summarized his credo: "Our Republic and its press will rise or fall together.

An able, disinterested, public-spirited press, with trained intelligence to

know the right and courage to do it, can preserve that public virtue without

which popular government is a sham and a mockery. A cynical, mercenary,

demagogic press will produce in time a people as base as itself. The power to

mould the future of the Republic will be in the hands of the journalists of

future generations."

In 1912, one year after Pulitzer's death aboard his yacht, the Columbia

School of Journalism was founded, and the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded

in 1917 under the supervision of the advisory board to which he had entrusted

his mandate. Pulitzer envisioned an advisory board composed principally of

newspaper publishers. Others would include the president of Columbia

University and scholars, and "persons of distinction who are not journalists

or editors." In 2000 the board was composed of two news executives, eight

editors, five academics including the president of Columbia University and

the dean of the Columbia Graduate School of Journalism, one columnist, and

the administrator of the prizes. The dean and the administrator are nonvoting

members. The chair rotates annually to the most senior member. The board is

self-perpetuating in the election of members. Voting members may serve three

terms of three years. In the selection of the members of the board and of the

juries, close attention is given to professional excellence and affiliation,

as well as diversity in terms of gender, ethnic background, geographical

distribution, and in the choice of journalists and size of newspaper.

THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE PULITZER PRIZES

More than 2,000 entries are submitted each year in the Pulitzer Prize

competitions, and only 21 awards are normally made. The awards are the

culmination of a yearlong process that begins early in the year with the

appointment of 102 distinguished judges who serve on 20 separate juries and

are asked to make three nominations in each of the 21 categories. By February

1, the Administrator's office in the Columbia School of Journalism has

received the journalism entries -in 2000, typically 1,516. Entries for

journalism awards may be submitted by any individual from material appearing

in a United States newspaper published daily, Sunday, or at least once a week

during the calendar year. In early March, 77 editors, publishers, writers,

and educators gather in the School of Journalism to judge the entries in the

14 journalism categories. From 1964-1999 each journalism jury consisted of

five members. Due to the growing number of entries in the public service,

investigative reporting, beat reporting, feature writing and commentary

categories, these juries were enlarged to seven members beginning in 1999.

The jury members, working intensively for three days, examine every entry

before making their nominations. Exhibits in the public service, cartoon, and

photography categories are limited to 20 articles, cartoons, or pictures, and

in the remaining categories, to 10 articles or editorials - except for

feature writing, which has a maximum of five articles. In photography, a

single jury judges both the Breaking News category and the Feature category.

Since the inception of the prizes the journalism categories have been

expanded and repeatedly redefined by the board to keep abreast of the

evolution of American journalism. The cartoons prize was created in 1922. The

prize for photography was established in 1942, and in 1968 the category was

divided into spot or breaking news and feature. With the development of

computer-altered photos, the board stipulated in 1995 that "no entry whose

content is manipulated or altered, apart from standard newspaper cropping and

editing, will be deemed acceptable."

These are the Pulitzer Prize category definitions in the 2001 competition:

1. For a distinguished example of meritorious public service by a newspaper

through the use of its journalistic resources which may include editorials,

cartoons, and photographs, as well as reporting.

2. For a distinguished example of local reporting of breaking news.

3. For a distinguished example of investigative reporting by an individual or

team, presented as a single article or series.

4. For a distinguished example of explanatory reporting that illuminates a

significant and complex subject, demonstrating mastery of the subject, lucid

writing and clear presentation.

5. For a distinguished example of beat reporting characterized by sustained

and knowledgeable coverage of a particular subject or activity.

6. For a distinguished example of reporting on national affairs.

7. For a distinguished example of reporting on international affairs,

including United Nations correspondence.

8. For a distinguished example of feature writing giving prime consideration

to high literary quality and originality.

9. For distinguished commentary.

10. For distinguished criticism.

11. For distinguished editorial writing, the test of excellence being

clearness of style, moral purpose, sound reasoning, and power to influence

public opinion in what the writer conceives to be the right direction.

12. For a distinguished cartoon or portfolio of cartoons published during the

year, characterized by originality, editorial effectiveness, quality of

drawing, and pictorial effect.

13. For a distinguished example of breaking news photography in black and

white or color, which may consist of a photograph or photographs, a sequence

or an album.

14. For a distinguished example of feature photography in black and white or

color, which may consist of a photograph or photographs, a sequence or an

album.

While the journalism process goes forward, shipments of books totaling some

800 titles are being sent to five letters juries for their judging in these

categories:

1. For distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing with

American life.

2. For a distinguished book upon the history of the United States.

3. For a distinguished biography or autobiography by an American author.

4. For a distinguished volume of original verse by an American author.

5. For a distinguished book of non-fiction by an American author that is not

eligible for consideration in any other category.

The award in poetry was established in 1922 and that for non-fiction in 1962.

Unlike the other awards which are made for works in the calendar year,

eligibility in drama and music extends from March 2 to March 1. The drama

jury of four critics and one academic attend plays both in New York and the

regional theaters. The award in drama goes to a playwright but production of

the play as well as script are taken into account.

The music jury, usually made up of four composers and one newspaper critic,

meet in New York to listen to recordings and study the scores of pieces,

which in 2000 numbered 100. The category definition states:

For distinguished musical composition of significant dimension by an American

that has had its first performance in the United States during the year.

The final act of the annual competition is enacted in early April when the

board assembles in the Pulitzer World Room of the Columbia School of

Journalism. In prior weeks, the board had read the texts of the journalism

entries and the 15 nominated books, listened to music cassettes, read the

scripts of the nominated plays, and attended the performances or seen videos

where possible. By custom, it is incumbent on board members not to vote on

any award under consideration in drama or letters if they have not seen the

play or read the book. There are subcommittees for letters and music whose

members usually give a lead to discussions. Beginning with letters and music,

the board, in turn, reviews the nominations of each jury for two days. Each

jury is required to offer three nominations but in no order of preference,

although the jury chair in a letter accompanying the submission can broadly

reflect the views of the members. Board discussions are animated and often

hotly debated. Work done by individuals tends to be favored. In journalism,

if more than three individuals are cited in an entry, any prize goes to the

newspaper. Awards are usually made by majority vote, but the board is also

empowered to vote 'no award,' or by three-fourths vote to select an entry

that has not been nominated or to switch nominations among the categories. If

the board is dissatisfied with the nominations of any jury, it can ask the

Administrator to consult with the chair by telephone to ascertain if there

are other worthy entries. Meanwhile, the deliberations continue.

Both the jury nominations and the awards voted by the board are held in

strict confidence until the announcement of the prizes, which takes place

about a week after the meeting in the World Room. Towards three o'clock p.m.

(Eastern Time) of the day of the announcement, in hundreds of newsrooms

across the United States, journalists gather about news agency tickers to

wait for the bulletins that bring explosions of joy and celebrations to some

and disappointment to others. The announcement is made precisely at three

o'clock after a news conference held by the administrator in the World Room.

Apart from accounts carried prominently by newspapers, television, and radio,

the details appear on the Pulitzer Web site. The announcement includes the

name of the winner in each category as well as the names of the other two

finalists. The three finalists in each category are the only entries in the

competition that are recognized by the Pulitzer office as nominees. The

announcement also lists the board members and the names of the jurors (which

have previously been kept confidential to avoid lobbying).

A gold medal is awarded to the winner in Public Service. Along with the

certificates in the other categories, there are cash awards of $7,500, raised

in 2001 from $5,000. Four Pulitzer fellowships of $5,000 each are also

awarded annually on the recommendation of the faculty of the School of

Journalism. They enable three of its outstanding graduates to travel, report,

and study abroad and one fellowship is awarded to a graduate who wishes to

specialize in drama, music, literary, film, or television criticism. For most

recipients of the Pulitzer prizes, the cash award is only incidental to the

prestige accruing to them and their works. There are numerous competitions

that bestow far larger cash awards, yet which do not rank in public

perception on a level with the Pulitzers. The Pulitzer accolade on the cover

of a book or on the marquee of a theater where a prize-winning play is being

staged usually does translate into commercial gain.

The Pulitzer process initially was funded by investment income from the

original endowment. But by the 1970s the program was suffering a loss each

year. In 1978 the advisory board established a foundation for the creation of

a supplementary endowment, and fund raising on its behalf continued through

the 1980s. The program is now comfortably funded with investment income from

the two endowments and the $50 fee charged for each entry into the

competitions. The investment portfolios are administered by Columbia

University. Members of the Pulitzer Prize Board and journalism jurors receive

no compensation. The jurors in letters, music, and drama, in appreciation of

their year-long work, receive honoraria, raised to $2,000, effective in 1999.

Unlike the elaborate ceremonies and royal banquets attendant upon the

presentation of the Nobel Prizes in Stockholm and Oslo, Pulitzer winners

receive their prizes from the president of Columbia University at a modest

luncheon in May in the rotunda of the Low Library in the presence of family

members, professional associates, board members, and the faculty of the

School of Journalism. The board has declined offers to transform the occasion

into a television extravaganza.

The Who's Who of Pulitzer Prize Winners is more than simply a roster of names

and biographical data. It is a list of people in journalism, letters, and

music whose accomplishments enable researchers to trace the historical

evolution of their respective fields and the development of American society.

We are indebted to Joseph Pulitzer for this and an array of other

contributions to the quality of our lives.

Seymour Topping was appointed Administrator of The Pulitzer Prizes and

Professor of International Journalism at the Graduate School of Journalism of

Columbia University in 1993. After serving in World War II, Professor Topping

worked for 10 years for The Associated Press as a correspondent in China,

Indochina, London, and Berlin. He left The Associated Press in 1959 to join

The New York Times, where he remained for 34 years, serving as a foreign

correspondent, foreign editor, managing editor, and editorial director of the

company's 32 regional newspapers. In 1992-1993 he served as president of the

American Society of Newspaper Editors. He is a graduate of the School of

Journalism at the University of Missouri.

PUBLIC SERVICE Washington Post

Notably for the work of Katherine Boo that disclosed wretched neglect and

abuse in the city’s group homes for the mentally retarded, which forced

officials to acknowledge the

conditions and begin reforms.

BREAKING NEWS REPORTING Staff of Denver Post

For its clear and balanced coverage of the student massacre at Columbine High

School.

INVESTIGATIVE REPORTING

Eric Newhouse of Great Falls (Mont.) Tribune

For his vivid examination of alcohol abuse and the problems it creates in the

community.

BEAT REPORTING George Dohrman of St. Paul Pioneer Press

For his determined reporting, despite negative reader reaction, that revealed

academic fraud in the men’s basketball program at the University of

Minnesota.

NATIONAL REPORTING Staff of Wall Street Journal

For its revealing stories that question U.S. defense spending and military

deployment in the post-Cold War era and offer alternatives for the future.

INTERNATIONAL REPORTING Mark Schoofs of Village Voice

For his provocative and enlightening series on the AIDS crisis in Africa.

FEATURE WRITING J.R. Moehringer of Los Angeles Times

For his portrait of Gee’s Bend, an isolated river community in Alabama where

many descendants of slaves live, and how a proposed ferry to the mainland

might change it.

COMMENTARY Paul A. Gigot of Wall Street Journal

For his informative and insightful columns on politics and government.

CRITICISM Henry Allen of Washington Post

For his fresh and authoritative writing on photography.

EDITORIAL WRITING John C. Bersia of Orlando Sentinel

For his passionate editorial campaign attacking predatory lending practices

in the state, which prompted changes in local lending regulations.

EDITORIAL CARTOONING

Photo Staff of Denver Rocky Mountain News

For its powerful collection of emotional images taken after the student

shootings at Columbine High School

.

FEATURE PHOTOGRAPHY

Carol Guzy, Michael Williamson and Lucian Perkins of Washington Post

For their intimate and poignant images depicting the plight of the Kosovo

refugees.

FICTION

Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri (Mariner Books/Houghton Mifflin)

DRAMA

Dinner With Friends by Donald Margulies

HISTORY

Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945

by David M. Kennedy (Oxford University Press

BIOGRAPHY OR AUTOBIOGRAPHY

Repair by C.K. Williams (Farrar, Straus and Giroux)

GENERAL NON-FICTION

Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II by John W. Dower

(W.W. Norton & Company/The New Press)

MUSIC

Life is a Dream, Opera in Three Acts: Act II, Concert Version by Lewis Spratlan

Premiered on January 28, 2000 by Dinosaur Annex in Amherst, Mass. Libretto by

James Maraniss.

The List of used resources :

1. Who's Who of Pulitzer Prize Winners by Elizabeth A. Brennan;

2. Joseph Pulitzer by Elizabeth C. Clarage; copyright 1999 by The Oryx

   Press. Used with permission from The Oryx Press, 4041 N. Central Ave.,

   Suite 700 Phoenix, AZ 85012, 800 279-6799.

3. www.oryxpress.com.

4. www.pulitzer.org/Archive/archive.html